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The Philosophy of Yoga

 

The Bhagavad-Gita.
The Harvard Classics.  1909–14.

 

Introductory Note

DURING the centuries in which Buddhism was establishing itself in the east of India, the older Brahmanism in the west was undergoing the changes which resulted in the Hinduism which is now the prevailing religion of India. The main ancient sources of information with regard to these Hindu beliefs and practices are the two great epics, the “Rmyana” and the Mah Bhrata. The former is a highly artificial production based on legend and ascribed to one man, Vlmki. The latter, a “huge conglomeration of stirring adventure, legend, myth, history, and superstition,” is a composite production, begun probably as early as the fourth or fifth century before Christ, and completed by the end of the sixth century of our era. It represents many strata of religious belief.

The “Bhagavad-Gîtâ,” of which a translation is here given, occurs as an episode in the Mah-Bhrata, and is regarded as one of the gems of Hindu literature. The poem is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna, the brother of King Yudhisthira, and Vishnu, the Supreme God, incarnated as Krishna, and wearing the disguise of a charioteer. The conversation takes place in a war-chariot, stationed between the armies of the Kauravas and Pndavas, who are about to engage in battle.

To the Western reader much of the discussion seems childish and illogical; but these elements are mingled with passages of undeniable sublimity. Many of the more puzzling inconsistencies are due to interpolations by later re-writers. “It is,” says Hopkins, “a medley of beliefs as to the relation of spirit and matter, and other secondary matters; it is uncertain in its tone in regard to the comparative efficacy of action and inaction, and in regard to the practical man’s means of salvation; but it is at one with itself in its fundamental thesis, that all things are each a part of one Lord, that men and gods are but manifestations of the One Divine Spirit.”

 

Chapter XVI  

“Daivasarasaupadwibhâgayôg,” or

“The Book of the Separateness of the Divine and Undivine”

 

 

KRISHNA:


FEARLESSNESS, singleness of soul, the will

 

Always to strive for wisdom; opened hand

 

And governed appetites; and piety

 

And love of lonely study; humbleness,

 

Uprightness, heed to injure nought which lives,

        5

Truthfulness, slowness unto wrath, a mind

 

That lightly letteth go what others prize;

 

And equanimity, and charity

 

Which spieth no man’s faults; and tenderness

 

Towards all that suffer; a contented heart,

        10

Fluttered by no desires; a bearing mild,

 

Modest, and grave, with manhood nobly mixed

 

With patience, fortitude, and purity;

 

An unrevengeful spirit, never given

 

To rate itself too high;—such be the signs,

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O Indian Prince! of him whose feet are set

 

On that fair path which leads to heavenly birth!

 

 

 

  Deceitfulness, and arrogance, and pride,

 

Quickness to anger, harsh and evil speech,

 

And ignorance, to its own darkness blind,—

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These be the signs, My Prince! of him whose birth

 

Is fated for the regions of the vile. 1

 

 

 

  The Heavenly Birth brings to deliverance,

 

So should’st thou know! The birth with Asuras

 

Brings into bondage. Be thou joyous, Prince

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Whose lot is set apart for heavenly Birth.

 

 

 

  Two stamps there are marked on all living men,

 

Divine and Undivine; I spake to thee

 

By what marks thou shouldst know the Heavenly Man,

 

Hear from me now of the Unheavenly!

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  They comprehend not, the Unheavenly,

 

How souls go forth from Me; nor how they come

 

Back unto Me: nor is there Truth in these,

 

Nor purity, nor rule of Life. “This world

 

Hath not a Law, nor Order, nor a Lord,”

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So say they: “nor hath risen up by Cause

 

Following on Cause, in perfect purposing,

 

But is none other than a House of Lust.”

 

And, this thing thinking, all those ruined ones—

 

Of little wit, dark-minded—give themselves

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To evil deeds, the curses of their kind.

 

Surrendered to desires insatiable,

 

Full of deceitfulness, folly, and pride,

 

In blindness cleaving to their errors, caught

 

Into the sinful course, they trust this lie

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As it were true—this lie which leads to death—

 

Finding in Pleasure all the good which is,

 

And crying “Here it finisheth!”

 

 

 

        Ensnared

 

In nooses of a hundred idle hopes,

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Slaves to their passion and their wrath, they buy

 

Wealth with base deeds, to glut hot appetites;

 

“Thus much, to-day,” they say, “we gained! thereby

 

Such and such wish of heart shall have its fill;

 

And this is ours! and th’ other shall be ours!

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To-day we slew a foe, and we will slay

 

Our other enemy to-morrow! Look!

 

Are we not lords? Make we not goodly cheer?

 

Is not our fortune famous, brave, and great?

 

Rich are we, proudly born! What other men

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Live like to us? Kill, then, for sacrifice!

 

Cast largesse, and be merry!” So they speak

 

Darkened by ignorance; and so they fall—

 

Tossed to and fro with projects, tricked, and bound

 

In net of black delusion, lost in lusts—

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Down to foul Naraka. Conceited, fond,

 

Stubborn and proud, dead-drunken with the wine

 

Of wealth, and reckless, all their offerings

 

Have but a show of reverence, being not made

 

In piety of ancient faith. Thus vowed

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To self-hood, force, insolence, feasting, wrath,

 

These My blasphemers, in the forms they wear

 

And in the forms they breed, my foemen are,

 

Hateful and hating; cruel, evil, vile,

 

Lowest and least of men, whom I cast down

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Again, and yet again, at end of lives,

 

Into some devilish womb, whence—birth by birth—

 

The devilish wombs re-spawn them, all beguiled;

 

And, till they find and worship Me, sweet Prince!

 

Tread they that Nether Road.

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        The Doors of Hell

 

Are threefold, whereby men to ruin pass,—

 

The door of Lust, the door of Wrath, the door

 

Of Avarice. Let a man shun those three!

 

He who shall turn aside from entering

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All those three gates of Narak, wendeth straight

 

To find his peace, and comes to Swarga’s gate. 2

 

 

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Last modified: January 29, 2010